制种玉米种子乳线发育的水氮效应

乳线是判定玉米成熟度的重要指标之一,为明确灌水和施氮对制种玉米种子乳线发育的影响,以‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’制种玉米为研究对象,设置充分灌溉(6 000 m3·hm?2,W6000)、中度胁迫(4 500 m3·hm?2,W4500)、重度胁迫(3 000 m3·hm?2,W3000)3个灌水梯度,不施氮[0 kg(N)·hm?2,N0]、中氮[225 kg(N)·hm?2,N225]、高氮[450 kg(N)·hm?2,N450]3个施氮水平,研究不同水氮应用对制种玉米种子乳线发育进程、籽粒含水量、百粒重、籽粒脱水和灌浆速率的影响。结果表明,不同制种组合在不同水氮条件下种子乳线发育表现出明显差异;不同水氮条件下‘郑单958’乳线发育进程历时18~24 d,较‘先玉335’的33~36 d短;随灌水量增加,‘郑单958’种子乳线发育有延迟趋势,而‘先玉335’种子乳线受灌水量影响不显著;在乳线同一发育阶段,灌水和施氮均对籽粒含水量无显著影响,百粒重均表现为施氮处理显著高于不施氮;不同灌水处理间,‘郑单958’种子在重度胁迫条件下的脱水速率显著高于中度胁迫和充分灌溉,施氮量间无显著差异,‘先玉335’种子脱水速率各灌水量间无显著差异;‘郑单958’种子的灌浆速率各灌水处理间无显著差异,充分灌水条件下,不施氮处理灌浆速率显著高于施氮处理,而‘先玉335’灌浆速率随灌水量增加而增加,同一灌水条件下均是中氮处理高于不施氮和高氮处理;‘郑单958’种子每脱水1%,籽粒百粒重增加幅度在0.37~0.88 g,而‘先玉335’在0.43~1.34 g。因此,‘郑单958’种子乳线发育受灌水影响显著,水分亏缺致使种子脱水加速,乳线进程加快;‘先玉335’种子乳线发育受氮素影响显著,氮素不足和过量均影响种子灌浆,延迟乳线发育。     

生物有机肥中磷细菌对难溶性磷的有效化研究

通过土壤盆栽试验，在生物有机肥中加入固氮菌、磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌等有益微生物并与磷矿粉混合施用来栽培玉米，研究其中的磷细菌对土壤中难溶性磷的有效化作用。结果表明，在不施肥、施用磷矿粉、含磷细菌生物有机肥、不含磷细菌生物有机肥4个处理中，处理3更能促进玉米的生长、增加植株体内NPK养分的积累，特别是在肥力较低的土壤上表现更为显著。处理3也提高了土壤中的速效磷养分含量。     

吉林省特用玉米现状、趋势及生产基地布局研究

简析了吉林省特用玉米生产现状及发展趋势,并根据依靠市场、因地制宜、行政区完整、可持续发展的布局原则,将吉林省特用玉米种植基地分为5个大区,提出建设特用玉米生产基地的保障措施。     

稻草还田对春玉米生长发育与产量的影响

连续4年进行晚稻稻草异茬还田,以提供春玉米生长所需钾肥的定位试验,结果表明:(1)第1年由于稻草未能完全腐解而影响玉米的生长发育,玉米的生物学产量和经济产量均有所下降;从第2年开始,化肥 稻草处理(NPS)的生物学产量和经济产量均明显高于化肥处理(NPK),4年平均增产7.3%和7.6%。(2)在玉米生长的拔节期前,NPS处理的生长发育往往不如NPK处理,但拔节期之后,NPS处理能明显促进玉米的生长发育,其出叶速度、叶面积指数、株高等指标均明显高于NPK处理,抗旱能力增强,穗长、穗行数、百粒重等产量构成指标亦明显提高,空秆率和秃顶度等显著降低。     

氮肥基/追比对华北平原夏玉米生长发育与水、氮利用的影响Ⅰ.夏玉米生长发育与水分利用效率

在较低施N量[180kg(N)/hm2]下,以"郑单958"为材料,研究了N肥不同基/追比例(1∶2、1∶1和2∶1)对华北平原夏玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米总叶数、株高及产量均因施N而增加,且追N比例越大增幅越大。基施N有利于叶面积扩展,而追施N有利于灌浆期叶面积的维持;籽粒粗蛋白、游离氨基酸含量因施N而提高,且随追N比例增大而增大;淀粉含量以1∶2处理增大,而另两施N处理降低;施N可提高水分利用效率,追N比例较大有利于水分利用效率的提高。可见,对降水主要集中在夏玉米播种至大喇叭口期的华北平原来说,基施N不宜过多,基、追N肥比1∶2最有利于夏玉米农艺性状改善、产量提高、品质改善及水分利用效率提高。     

Effect of sewage sludge–coir pith pellets on dry matter yield and trace metal concentration in various plant parts of forage maize

Sewage sludge (SS), a highly heterogeneous semisolid fraction of sewage water (about 1% of the sewage water), contains various amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) with extremely variable physical and chemical compositions. Application of SS improves soil properties, increases yield and simultaneously increases trace metal content in soil and plants. The difficulty in handling, transporting and applying SS and its adverse effect, especially trace metal content in soil and plant, can be overcome by SS–coir pith pelletization (SSCP) or mixing with sewage sledge–coir pith mixture (SSCM). A study was undertaken to evaluate the prepared SSCM and SSCP (1:1 ratio of SS and coir pith) along with SS on dry matter yield, trace metal content in soil and plant parts. The results showed that increased rates of application of SS or SSCM or SSCP increased the green and dry fodder yield of forage maize. Application of SS as either SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 and 2.4 g pot^?1 significantly reduced the trace metal content diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA extractable) in soil and plant parts (leaves steam and root) compared to SS application. Therefore, in order to reduce the bioavailability of trace metal in soil and its uptake by plant, application of SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 or 2.4 g pot^?1 proved to be a better option than SS application.     

郑州市夏玉米生物量积累与增长分配规律分析

根据郑州市1994—2006年夏玉米生物量观测资料分析了不同生育期单株各器官的生物量变化和增长分配规律，得出：在玉米整个生长期，单株各器官的重量变化在不同生育阶段不同，结果导致各部分干重占全株干重百分比的差异。总体上看，拔节前叶片增长较快，占比率最高，达68％～88％；叶鞘增长也快但所占比例一直不大，最高时占20％；茎在拔节一抽雄期增长较快，最高时占41％；果穗在抽雄后直线增长，最高时占63％。同时，通过定量分析得到了各器官在整个生育期增长分配率的变化过程，模拟取得不同气候年型生物量积累曲线，研究结果可为当地玉米生长的定量化模拟提供参考。     

Plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria isolated from a Calcisol in a semi‐arid region of Uzbekistan: biochemical characterization and effectiveness

Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of cotton, wheat, alfalfa, and tomato grown in field locations within a semi‐arid region of Uzbekistan. Strains were identified as Pseudomonas denitrificans, P. rathonis, Bacillus laevolacticus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Arthrobacter simplex. The isolated strains produced different enzymes, phytohormone auxin and were antagonists against specific plant‐pathogenic fungi. Most of the strains are tolerant with respect to salt and temperature. All of the bacterial strains isolated in this study have been found to increase plant growth of wheat and maize in pot experiments.     

Hierarchical classification of environmental factors and agricultural practices affecting soil fauna under cropping systems using Bt maize

The population dynamics of soil organisms under agricultural field conditions are influenced by many factors, such as pedology and climate, but also farming practices such as crop type, tillage and the use of pesticides. To assess the real effects of farming practices on soil organisms it is necessary to rank the influence of all of these parameters. Bt maize (Zea mays L.), as a crop recently introduced into farming practices, is a genetically modified maize with the Cry1Ab gene which produces a protein toxic to specific lepidopteran insect pests. To assess the effects of Bt maize on non-target soil organisms, we conducted research at a field site in Foulum (Denmark) with a loamy sand soil containing 6.4% organic matter. The study focused on populations of springtails (Collembola) and earthworms (Oligochaeta) from samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the maize crop-growing season during 2 consecutive years. Farming practices, soil parameters, the biological structure of soil communities, and the type and age of the crop at the time of sampling, were used as attributes to predict the total abundance of springtails and biomass of earthworms in general and the abundance or biomass for specific functional groups (epigeic, endogeic and anecic groups for earthworms, and eu-, eu to hemi-, hemi-, hemi to epi- and epiedaphic groups for Collembola). Predictive models were built with data mining tools, such as regression trees that predict the value of a dependent variable from a set of independent variables. Regression trees were constructed with the data mining system M5′. The models were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative measures of performance and two models were selected for further interpretation: anecic worms and hemi-epiedaphic Collembola. The anecic worms (r²=0.83) showed preferences for less clay and more silt soil with medium pH but were not influenced directly by farming practices. The biomass of earthworms was greater in early autumn than in spring or late autumn. Biomass of hemi-epiedaphic Collembola (r²=0.59) increased at the end of the maize growing season, while higher organic matter content and pH tended to increase their biomass in spring. Greater abundance of Collembola was also noted in early autumn if the crop was non-Bt maize. The models assessed by this research did not find any effects of the Bt maize cropping system on functional groups of soil fauna.     

高淀粉、高产、多抗玉米杂交种正红115的选育研究

以美国玉米带杂交种3163为基础材料,通过南北穿梭同步定向育种新方法,用自交系48-2作测验种在S1和S3早期分离世代连续进行早代测定和定向选育,同步育成玉米新自交系K169及其组配的杂交种正红115(K169×48-2)。正红115子粒粗淀粉含量高达75.7%,并具有综合品质优、产量高、抗病及抗倒伏力强、株型好和适应性广等特点。正红115适宜丘陵山区种植,具有广阔的推广应用及加工利用前景。